Haijin
![A map of [[wokou](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Wokou.jpg)
The policy introduced by the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang significantly hampered the growth of China's domestic trade, although the Ming was not able to enforce the policy in full despite official proclamations, and trade continued in forms such as smuggling until the late Ming government opened the port of Yuegang for trade. Initially imposed to deal with Japanese piracy amid the neutralization of Yuan dynasty partisans, the sea ban was completely counterproductive: by the 16th century, piracy and smuggling were endemic and mostly consisted of Chinese who had been dispossessed by the policy. China's foreign trade was limited to irregular and expensive tribute missions, and the military pressure from the Mongols after the disastrous Battle of Tumu led to the scrapping of Zheng He's fleets. Piracy dropped to negligible levels only upon the end of the policy in 1567.
The early Qing dynasty's anti-insurgent "Great Clearance" (1661–1683) also caused considerable devastating effects on communities along the coast, until the Qing seized control of Taiwan and opened coastal ports to foreign trade. Separately, strict travel restrictions were temporarily implemented during the brief trade ban of the "Southern Sea" between 1717 to 1727. Later, the need to control trade gave birth to the Canton System of the Thirteen Factories (1757–1842), where trade ports was heavily restricted.
Similar sea bans occurred in other East Asian countries, such as the ''Sakoku'' policy in Edo period Japan by the Tokugawa shogunate; or the isolationist policies of Joseon Korea, before they were forced to end their isolation militarily in 1853 and 1876 respectively. Provided by Wikipedia
-
1Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Book -
2
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Book -
3
-
4
-
5
-
6Published 2007Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Electronic Conference Proceeding Book -
7
-
8
-
9
-
10Published 2004Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Conference Proceeding Book -
11
-
12
-
13Published 2013Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Electronic Conference Proceeding Book -
14Published 2013Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Conference Proceeding Book -
15Published 2004Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Book -
16
-
17
-
18Published 2007Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
This item is not available through BorrowDirect. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.Conference Proceeding Book -
19
-
20Menggu zu : Nei Menggu Zhenglan Qi Bayanhushugacha diao cha /蒙古族 : 内蒙古正蓝旗巴彦胡舒嘎查调查 /蒙古族 : 内蒙古正蓝旗巴彦胡舒嘎查调查 /Published 2004Other Authors: “...Jin, Hai, 1966-...”
Book