The sun, the earth, and near-earth space : a guide to the sun-earth system /
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Corporate Author: | |
| Format: | Government Document Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
[Washington, D.C.] :
National Aeronautics and Space Administration : [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,
2009]
[Washington, D.C.] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration : [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.], [2009] [Washington, D.C.] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [2009] |
| Subjects: |
Table of Contents:
- Overview
- Stars around us
- Our dependence on the sun
- Sun's inconstancy
- Intruders from afar
- What gets by
- Voyages of discovery in an age of exploration
- New appreciation
- Consequences
- Interconnected system
- Sun
- Sun as a star
- Voyage to the sun
- Perpetual combustion
- Hidden source of solar energy
- Delayed delivery
- Radiant energy from the sun
- How constant is and was the sun?
- Metered sunshine
- First who saw the face of the sun
- Long watch
- Sun that we can see
- Photosphere
- Sunspots
- Bright faculae
- Beneath the shining surface: the bubble machine
- Lifting the veil: the unseen sun
- Sun's chromosphere's and corona
- How we see the corona and chromosphere
- Solar Wind & Solar Variability
- Solar wind
- Sources and characteristics of the solar wind
- Solar variability
- Why the sun varies
- Short- and long-term changes in solar activity
- Solar explosions and eruptions
- Explosive solar flares
- Solar prominences and filaments
- Coronal mass ejections
- Near-Earth Environment
- Protected planet
- Air above us
- Changes on the way to the top
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere and thermosphere
- Ionized upper atmosphere
- End of the atmosphere
- Into the magnetosphere
- Form and function of the magnetosphere
- Paths that particles follow
- Captive particles in the magnetosphere
- Earth's radiation belts
- Plasmasphere
- Heliosphere
- Cruising the heliosphere
- Fluctuations In Solar Radiation At The Earth
- Changes in total solar irradiance
- Variability in different parts of the spectrum
- Effects of the sun's rotation
- Effects of the Earth's orbit
- Lost in transit: the fate of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere
- Variation In The Flow Of Particles At The Earth
- Nature of arriving particles
- Solar sources
- Particles borne outward in CMEs
- Particles from solar flare
- Solar wind plasma
- Characteristics of slow solar wind streams
- High-speed solar wind streams
- Sectors in the sun's extended magnetic field
- Pushing and shoving on the way to the Earth
- When solar particles strike the Earth
- Through the guarded gates
- Magnetic reconnection
- Effects of changes in the Earth's magnetic field
- Cosmic rays
- Fate of cosmic rays
- Impacts Of Solar Variability
- Solar causes, terrestrial impacts, and social effects
- Impacts on near-Earth space
- Magnetic storms
- Aurora
- Impacts on the upper atmosphere
- Perturbing the Earth's electric field
- Restructuring the ionosphere
- Disturbing the biosphere: the lower atmosphere, oceans, and land surface
- Effects On Human Life And Endeavor
- What is affected
- Some specific societal effects
- Exposure of aircraft passengers and crews
- Risks to manned space flight
- Ocean of air
- Enhanced ultraviolet and X-ray radiation
- Solar X-rays
- Sun intensely bright
- Solar energetic particles and cosmic rays
- Physiological effects of ionizing radiation
- Importance of dosage
- Disaster that almost happened
- Impacts on spacecraft, space equipment and on observations of the Earth from space
- Times of particular hazard
- Flight paths of greatest risk
- Spacecraft at the Lagrangian Points of the sun-earth system
- Polar orbits and the South Atlantic anomaly
- Geosynchronous and geostationary orbits
- Destructive particles from the sun and the Earth's radiation belts
- Cosmic rays
- Atmospheric drag
- Impacts on micro-circuits and computer systems
- Damage to other space equipment
- Protecting against damage from high-energy particles
- Impacts on telecommunications, GPS, and navigation
- Direct and indirect reception of radio waves
- Role of the sun and solar variations
- Impacts on GPS and other navigation systems
- Effects on electric power transmission
- Power blackout of 1989
- How magnetic storms disrupt power systems
- Where solar-driven power outages most often occur
- Effects of geomagnetically-induced currents on the cost of electricity
- Early signs of solar interference in communications
- Effects of GICS on telecommunciations cables
- Damage to pipelines
- Impacts of geomagnetic storms on geological surveys and explorations
- Effects Of The Sun On Weather And Climate
- Brief history
- Missing pieces
- Metering the energy the Earth receives
- Recovering the past history of the Sun
- Effects of solar spectral radiation
- Sensitivity of climate to solar fluctuations
- 11-year solar forcing
- Solar forcing of the oceans
- Hidden diaries of the ancient sun
- Fate of carbon-14
- Beryllium-10 in ice cores
- Marks of the sun on North Atlantic climate during the last 11,000 years
- Forecasting Space Weather At The Earth And Beyond
- Space weather
- Predictions
- Sources of needed data
- Available warning times
- Especial needs for manned space exploration
- Current capabilities
- Operational facilities
- Heliophysics System Observatory
- Reflections
- Solar misbehavior
- What has changed?
- Sun and global warming
- Acknowledgment
- Appendices
- Glossary of technical terms
- Sources for additional information
- Tables
- Images and Illustrations
- Index