Lung and heart-lung transplantation /

Lung and heart-lung transplantation /

A comprehensive review of clinical and exploratory aspects of lung (LT) and heart-lung transplantation (HLT), this reference focuses on cumulative data from the International Registry with data on outcomes associated with LT and HLT worldwide. Collecting in-depth discussions on graft dysfunction, in...

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors: Lynch, Joseph P, Ross, David J (David Joseph), 1956-
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: New York : Taylor & Francis, 2006
New York : 2006
Series:Lung biology in health and disease ; v. 217
Lung biology in health and disease ; v. 217
Lung biology in health and disease v. 217
Subjects:
Heart > Transplantation
Lungs > Transplantation
Heart Transplantation
Lung Transplantation
Graft Rejection
Lung Diseases > surgery
Postoperative Complications
Tissue and Organ Procurement
Table of Contents:
  • Clinical aspects (overview and current data)
  • Immunology of transplantation: basic science
  • Clinical aspects
  • Organ allocation and donor availability
  • Immunosuppression: action, efficacy, drug interactions, and toxicities
  • Complications in lung transplantation
  • Infectious complications
  • Lung allograft rejection
  • Chronic allograft rejection
  • Long-term complications of lung transplantation (and immune therapy)
  • 1 Historical overview of lung and heart-lung transplantation / Robert M. Rutherford, James L. Lordan, Andrew J. Fisher and Paul A. Corris
  • 2. Basic immunological concepts in lung transplantation : the role of regulatory T cells and dendritic cells / Stephen P. Cobbold and Herman Waldmann
  • 3. Allogeneic recognition and immune tolerance in lung transplantation / Keith C. Meyer
  • 4. Lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Robert M. Kotloff and Fernando J. Martinez
  • 5. Lung transplant in cystic fibrosis / Raymond D. Coakley and James R. Yankaskas
  • 6. Pulmonary arterial hypertension and lung transplantation / Rajan Saggar, David J. Ross, Joseph P. Lynch III and John L. Faul
  • 7. Lung transplantation for interstitial lung disorders / Steven Nathan, Rajan Saggar and Joseph P. Lynch III
  • 8. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis / Joseph P. Lynch III, S. Samuel Weigt and Michael C. Fishbein
  • 9. Pediatric lung transplantation / George B. Mallory and Okan Elidemir
  • 10. Living lobar lung transplantation / Michael E. Bowdish and Mark L. Barr
  • 11. Heart-lung transplantation : is it a viable option in the 21st century? / Susan D. Moffatt-Bruce and Bruce A. Reitz
  • 12. Lung allocation in the United States / Thomas M. Egan, Leah B. Edwards, Matthew A. Coke, Susan Murray, Tempie H. Shearon and Rami Bustami
  • 13. Organ allocation and donor availability - the European experience / Hendrik Treede and Hermann Reichenspurner
  • 14. Allocation of donor organs for lung transplantation : the Australian experience / Trevor J. Williams and Gregory I. Snell
  • 15. Lung preservation techniques / Frank D'Ovidio and Shaf Keshavjee
  • 16. Operative techniques utilized in lung transplantation and strategies to increase the donor pool / Gabriel T. Schnickel and Abbas Ardehali
  • 17. Immunosuppressive drugs : cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids / Brandon S. Lu, Edward R. Garrity, Jr. and Sangeeta M. Bhorade
  • 18. Lympholytic agents (polyclonal antilymphocyte antibodies, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies) / Brian P. Dickover, Sangeeta M. Bhorade and Edward R. Garrity, Jr.
  • 19. Novel and future approaches to immunosuppression / Kenneth R. McCurry, Aldo Iacono and Adriana Zeevi
  • 20. Primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation : pathogenesis and impact on early and late outcomes / Michael S. Mulligan
  • 21. Airway complications in lung transplantation / Luis F. Angel and Irawan Susanto
  • 22. Viral infections complicating lung and solid organ transplantation / Martin R. Zamora
  • 23. Coccidioidomycosis after solid organ transplantation / Bernard M. Kubak
  • 24. Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis after solid organ transplantation / Carol A. Kauffman
  • 25. Invasive fungal infections complicating lung and solid organ transplantation : aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and molds / Shahid Husain and Fernanda P. Silveria
  • 26. Bacterial infections and pneumocystis infections / Lora D. Thomas and Stephen Dummer
  • 27. Legionella in solid organ transplantation / Nina M. Clark
  • 28. Mycobacterial infections complicating organ transplantation / Rajeev Saggar, Bernard M. Kubak, David J. Ross and Joseph P. Lynch III
  • 29. Acute allograft rejection / Jonathan B. Orens, Sean Studer and Robert D. Levy
  • 30. Pathology of the lung transplant / David N. Howell and Scott M. Plamer
  • 31. Obliterative bronchiolitis / Geert M. Verleden and Lieven J. Dupont
  • 32. The role for alloimmune and nonalloimmune injury and cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome / Robert Aris, John A. Belperio and Scott M. Palmer
  • 33. Pulmonary physiology posttransplant / Marc Estenne
  • 34. Imaging of the posttransplant lung / Robert D. Suh, Tikvah Myers and Jonathan G. Goldin
  • 35. Cardiac, lipid, and atherosclerotic complications among lung and heart-lung recipients / Jignesh K. Patel, Jon A. Kobashigawa and Michele Hamilton
  • 36. Metabolic bone disease in lung transplant recipients / Janet R. Maurer
  • 37. Lymphoproliferative disorders complicating solid organ transplantation / S. Samuel Weigt, Joseph P. Lynch III, Lucy R. Langer and Michael C. Fishbein.
  • 1 Historical overview of lung and heart-lung transplantation / Robert M. Rutherford, James L. Lordan, Andrew J. Fisher and Paul A. Corris
  • 2. Basic immunological concepts in lung transplantation : the role of regulatory T cells and dendritic cells / Stephen P. Cobbold and Herman Waldmann
  • 3. Allogeneic recognition and immune tolerance in lung transplantation / Keith C. Meyer
  • 4. Lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Robert M. Kotloff and Fernando J. Martinez
  • 5. Lung transplant in cystic fibrosis / Raymond D. Coakley and James R. Yankaskas
  • 6. Pulmonary arterial hypertension and lung transplantation / Rajan Saggar, David J. Ross, Joseph P. Lynch III and John L. Faul
  • 7. Lung transplantation for interstitial lung disorders / Steven Nathan, Rajan Saggar and Joseph P. Lynch III
  • 8. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis / Joseph P. Lynch III, S. Samuel Weigt and Michael C. Fishbein
  • 9. Pediatric lung transplantation / George B. Mallory and Okan Elidemir
  • 10. Living lobar lung transplantation / Michael E. Bowdish and Mark L. Barr
  • 11. Heart-lung transplantation : is it a viable option in the 21st century? / Susan D. Moffatt-Bruce and Bruce A. Reitz
  • 12. Lung allocation in the United States / Thomas M. Egan, Leah B. Edwards, Matthew A. Coke, Susan Murray, Tempie H. Shearon and Rami Bustami
  • 13. Organ allocation and donor availability - the European experience / Hendrik Treede and Hermann Reichenspurner
  • 14. Allocation of donor organs for lung transplantation : the Australian experience / Trevor J. Williams and Gregory I. Snell
  • 15. Lung preservation techniques / Frank D'Ovidio and Shaf Keshavjee
  • 16. Operative techniques utilized in lung transplantation and strategies to increase the donor pool / Gabriel T. Schnickel and Abbas Ardehali
  • 17. Immunosuppressive drugs : cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids / Brandon S. Lu, Edward R. Garrity, Jr. and Sangeeta M. Bhorade
  • 18. Lympholytic agents (polyclonal antilymphocyte antibodies, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies) / Brian P. Dickover, Sangeeta M. Bhorade and Edward R. Garrity, Jr.
  • 19. Novel and future approaches to immunosuppression / Kenneth R. McCurry, Aldo Iacono and Adriana Zeevi
  • 20. Primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation : pathogenesis and impact on early and late outcomes / Michael S. Mulligan
  • 21. Airway complications in lung transplantation / Luis F. Angel and Irawan Susanto
  • 22. Viral infections complicating lung and solid organ transplantation / Martin R. Zamora
  • 23. Coccidioidomycosis after solid organ transplantation / Bernard M. Kubak
  • 24. Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis after solid organ transplantation / Carol A. Kauffman
  • 25. Invasive fungal infections complicating lung and solid organ transplantation : aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and molds / Shahid Husain and Fernanda P. Silveria
  • 26. Bacterial infections and pneumocystis infections / Lora D. Thomas and Stephen Dummer
  • 27. Legionella in solid organ transplantation / Nina M. Clark
  • 28. Mycobacterial infections complicating organ transplantation / Rajeev Saggar, Bernard M. Kubak, David J. Ross and Joseph P. Lynch III
  • 29. Acute allograft rejection / Jonathan B. Orens, Sean Studer and Robert D. Levy
  • 30. Pathology of the lung transplant / David N. Howell and Scott M. Plamer
  • 31. Obliterative bronchiolitis / Geert M. Verleden and Lieven J. Dupont
  • 32. The role for alloimmune and nonalloimmune injury and cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome / Robert Aris, John A. Belperio and Scott M. Palmer
  • 33. Pulmonary physiology posttransplant / Marc Estenne
  • 34. Imaging of the posttransplant lung / Robert D. Suh, Tikvah Myers and Jonathan G. Goldin
  • 35. Cardiac, lipid, and atherosclerotic complications among lung and heart-lung recipients / Jignesh K. Patel, Jon A. Kobashigawa and Michele Hamilton
  • 36. Metabolic bone disease in lung transplant recipients / Janet R. Maurer
  • 37. Lymphoproliferative disorders complicating solid organ transplantation / S. Samuel Weigt, Joseph P. Lynch III, Lucy R. Langer and Michael C. Fishbein.
  • Part I Clinical Aspects (Overview and Current Data)
  • 1 Historical Overview of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation / Robert M. Rutherford, James L. Lordan, Andrew J. Fisher, Paul A. Corris 1
  • Heart-Lung Transplantation 2
  • Unilateral Lung Transplantation 4
  • Double-Lung Transplantation 7
  • Single Sequential Lung Transplantation 8
  • The ISHLT Registry 10
  • Adult Lung Transplantation 11
  • Adult Heart-Lung Transplantation 14
  • Pediatric Lung Transplantation 15
  • Part II Immunology of Transplantation-Basic Science
  • 2 Basic Immunological Concepts in Lung Transplantation: The Role of Regulatory T Cells and Dendritic Cells / Stephen P. Cobbold, Herman Waldmann 21
  • Reprogramming the Immune System for Tolerance 23
  • Nonoptimal T-Cell Signaling Induces Tolerance and Regulatory T Cells 24
  • Heterogeneity of Regulatory T Cells 26
  • Coreceptor Blockade for Transplantation Tolerance 28
  • Costimulation Blockade for Tolerance Induction 30
  • Monoclonal CD3 Antibodies 31
  • Antigen Presenting Cells as Modulators of Immune Responses 32
  • Immune Regulation and Induced Immune Privilege 33
  • 3 Allogeneic Recognition and Immune Tolerance in Lung Transplantation / Keith C. Meyer 47
  • The Immune System and Self vs. Nonself 48
  • Critical Events in Lung Transplantation and Lung Allograft Rejection 49
  • Determinants of Graft Tolerance: Alloimmunity, Autoimmunity, and Regulation 51
  • Part III Clinical Aspects
  • 4 Lung Transplantation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / Robert M. Kotloff, Fernando J. Martinez 61
  • Natural History/Predictive Indices 62
  • Medical Management 67
  • Lung Volume Reduction as an Alternative or Bridge to Transplantation 85
  • Timing of Referral and Listing for Lung Transplantation 91
  • Choice of Procedure 93
  • Outcomes 96
  • Special Considerations Following Transplantation 96
  • 5 Lung Transplant in Cystic Fibrosis / Raymond D. Coakley, James R. Yankaskas 121
  • Lung Transplant History and Current Challenges 122
  • Referral Criteria for Lung Transplantation and Predictors of Short-Term Mortality in CF Patients 123
  • A New Allocation Algorithm for Donor Lung Allocation in Potential Lung Transplant Candidates 125
  • Infectious Contraindications 126
  • Noninfectious Contraindications 128
  • Posttransplant Complications and Management 129
  • CF-Related Diabetes 133
  • 6 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Lung Transplantation / Rajan Saggar, David J. Ross, Joseph P. Lynch III, John L. Faul 147
  • The Biology of Pulmonary Vascular Disease 149
  • The Medical Management of PAH 150
  • 7 Lung Transplantation for Interstitial Lung Disorders / Steven Nathan, Rajan Saggar, Joseph P. Lynch III 165
  • Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 166
  • Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia 177
  • CVD-Associated PF 180
  • Sarcoidosis 183
  • 8 Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis / Joseph P. Lynch III, S. Samuel Weigt, Michael C. Fishbein 205
  • Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 205
  • Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 213
  • 9 Pediatric Lung Transplantation / George B. Mallory, Okan Elidemir 233
  • Indications 236
  • Contraindications and Psychosocial Considerations 238
  • Anesthetic and Operative Considerations 240
  • Postoperative Care 241
  • Issues Particular to Pediatric Patients 245
  • Gastrointestinal Function 248
  • Survival 250
  • 10 Living Lobar Lung Transplantation / Michael E. Bowdish, Mark L. Barr 255
  • Indications for Lobar Lung Transplantation and Donor Selection 256
  • Operative Technique 257
  • Results 259
  • Recommendations and Future Directions 264
  • 11 Heart-Lung Transplantation: Is It a Viable Option in the 21st Century? / Susan D. Moffatt-Bruce, Bruce A. Reitz 269
  • Historical Overview 270
  • Indications for Heart-Lung Transplantation 270
  • Alternatives to Heart-Lung Transplantation 273
  • Postoperative Complications 275
  • Economic Evaluation of Heart-Lung Transplantation 276
  • Results of Heart-Lung Transplantation 276
  • Part IV Organ Allocation and Donor Availability
  • 12 Lung Allocation in the United States / Thomas M. Egan, Leah B. Edwards, Matthew A. Coke, Susan Murray, Tempie H. Shearon, Rami Bustami 285
  • Current Algorithm 286
  • Impetus for Change 287
  • Initial Analyses 288
  • Other Issues to Resolve 290
  • The Lung Allocation Score: How the Algorithm Orders Candidates 294
  • Determining the Lung Allocation Score 297
  • Initial Feedback 298
  • Lung Review Board 299
  • 13 Organ Allocation and Donor Availability-The European Experience / Hendrik Treede, Hermann Reichenspurner 301
  • Eurotransplant 303
  • Listing and Delisting Policies 305
  • Future European Cooperation Strategies 306
  • 14 Allocation of Donor Organs for Lung Transplantation: The Australian Experience / Trevor J. Williams, Gregory I. Snell 307
  • The Australian Health Care System 308
  • Organ Donation in Australia 309
  • Multiorgan Donors in Australia 311
  • Lung Transplantation in Australia 312
  • Outcomes of Lung Transplantation in Australia 318
  • 15 Lung Preservation Techniques / Frank D'Ovidio, Shaf Keshavjee 325
  • Preservation Solutions 326
  • Conditions of Administration of the Flush Solution 329
  • Storage of the Lung 330
  • Non-Heart Beating Donor 332
  • Therapies Under Investigation 334
  • 16 Operative Techniques Utilized in Lung Transplantation and Strategies to Increase the Donor Pool / Gabriel T. Schnickel, Abbas Ardehali 349
  • Living Lobar Lung Transplantation 350
  • Non-Heart Beating Donors 351
  • Nonstandard Donor Lungs 353
  • Criteria for Standard Donor Lungs 353
  • Problems with Nonstandard Donor Lungs 355
  • Primary Graft Dysfunction 355
  • Infectious Complications 356
  • Long-Term Allograft Function 357
  • Experience with Nonstandard Lungs 357
  • Part V Immunosuppression-Action, Efficacy, Drug Interactions, and Toxicities
  • 17 Immunosuppressive Drugs: Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, Azathioprine, Mycophenolate Mofetil, and Corticosteroids / Brandon S. Lu, Edward R. Garrity, Jr., Sangeeta M. Bhorade 363
  • Calcineurin Inhibitors 363
  • Antimetabolites 373
  • Other Drugs 379
  • 18 Lympholytic Agents (Polyclonal Antilymphocyte Antibodies, Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibodies, Anti-CD25 Monoclonal Antibodies) / Brian P. Dickover, Sangeeta M. Bhorade, Edward R. Garrity, Jr 401
  • Polyclonal Antilymphocyte Antibodies 403
  • Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibodies 407
  • Anti-CD25 Monoclonal Antibodies 409
  • Future Directions 412
  • 19 Novel and Future Approaches to Immunosuppression / Kenneth R. McCurry, Aldo Iacono, Adriana Zeevi 421
  • Inhalation Cyclosporine 423
  • Use of Inhalation Cyclosporine in Humans 424
  • Campath-1H 427
  • Future Immunosuppression and Therapies 432
  • Part VI Complications in Lung Transplantation
  • 20 Primary Graft Dysfunction Following Lung Transplantation: Pathogenesis and Impact on Early and Late Outcomes / Michael S. Mulligan 437
  • Definition and Diagnosis 437
  • Scientific Principles 439
  • Donor-Related Risk Factors 444
  • Recipient-Related Factors 447
  • Management of PGD 452
  • Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation 454
  • Outcomes of PGD 455
  • 21 Airway Complications in Lung Transplantation / Luis F. Angel, Irawan Susanto 465
  • Anatomic Considerations and Surgical Techniques 465
  • Airway Complications 468
  • Interventional Bronchoscopy for the Management of Airway Complications 477
  • Part VII Infectious Complications
  • 22 Viral Infections Complicating Lung and Solid Organ Transplantation / Martin R. Zamora 485
  • The Herpesviruses 486
  • Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses 506
  • Parvovirus B19 511
  • New and Emerging Viruses 512
  • 23 Coccidioidomycosis After Solid Organ Transplantation / Bernard M. Kubak 527
  • Mycology 528
  • Epidemiology and Geographic Occurrence 530
  • Incidence 530
  • Immunology 532
  • Pretransplant Evaluation 532
  • Clinical Disease 534
  • Diagnosis 536
  • Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis 539
  • Prevention 542
  • 24 Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis After Solid Organ Transplantation / Carol A.
  • Kauffman 549
  • Histoplasmosis 549
  • Blastomycosis 552
  • 25 Invasive Fungal Infections Complicating Lung and Solid Organ Transplantation: Aspergillosis, Cryptococcosis, and Molds / Shahid Husain, Fernanda P. Silveira 557
  • Aspergillus 557
  • Cryptococcus 570
  • Other Mold Infections 572
  • 26 Bacterial Infections and Pneumocystis Infections / Lora D. Thomas, Stephen Dummer 587
  • Bacterial Infections 588
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii 599
  • 27 Legionella in Solid Organ Transplantation / Nina M. Clark 607
  • Microbiology and Pathogenesis 608
  • Epidemiology 609
  • Clinical Features 610
  • Diagnosis 611
  • Treatment and Outcomes 612
  • Prevention 613
  • 28 Mycobacterial Infections Complicating Organ Transplantation / Rajeev Saggar, Bernard M. Kubak, David J. Ross, Joseph P. Lynch III 623
  • Mycobacteriosis 623
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis 624
  • Nontuberculosis Mycobacteriosis 631
  • Part VIII Lung Allograft Rejection
  • 29 Acute Allograft Rejection / Jonathan B. Orens, Sean Studer, Robert D. Levy 661
  • Incidence of ACR 662
  • Diagnosis of ACR 662
  • Noninvasive Markers of ACR 669
  • 30 Pathology of the Lung Transplant / David N. Howell, Scott M. Palmer 683
  • Ischemia-Reperfusion Lung Injury 687
  • Infection 689
  • Rejection 697
  • Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions 709
  • Recurrent Primary Disease 712
  • Part IX Chronic Allograft Rejection
  • 31 Obliterative Bronchiolitis / Geert M. Verleden, Lieven J. Dupont 723
  • Incidence and Prevalence of OB/BOS 723
  • Clinical Presentation 724
  • Histology of Chronic Rejection 726
  • Risk Factors for Chronic Rejection 727
  • Diagnosis 731
  • Treatment of OB/BOS 734
  • 32 The Role for Alloimmune and Nonalloimmune Injury and Cytokine Responses in the Pathogenesis of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome / Robert Aris, John A. Belperio, Scott M. Palmer 753
  • The Role of HLA Mismatches in the Pathogenesis of BOS 754
  • The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux in the Pathogenesis of BOS 758
  • The Role of Cytokines During the Pathogenesis of BOS 760
  • The Role of the IL-1 Cytokine Family During the Pathogenesis of BOS 761
  • The Role of TNF-[alpha] During the Pathogenesis of BOS 761
  • The Role of IL-12 During the Pathogenesis of BOS 763
  • The Role of IFN-[gamma] in the Pathogenesis of BOS 764
  • The Role of IL-10 During the Pathogenesis of BOS 764
  • The Role of IL-6 During the Pathogenesis of BOS 766
  • The Role of TGF-[beta] During the Pathogenesis of BOS 766
  • The Role of Growth Factors During the Pathogenesis of BOS 767
  • The Role of Chemokine Receptor/Chemokines During the Pathogenesis of BOS 768
  • The Role of Receptor/CC Chemokines During the Pathogenesis of BOS 769
  • The Role of Receptor/CXC Chemokines During the Pathogenesis of BOS 772
  • 33 Pulmonary Physiology Posttransplant / Marc Estenne 789
  • Effects of Pulmonary Denervation 790
  • Pulmonary Function and Gas Exchange 793
  • Functional Imaging of the Graft 800
  • Chest Wall and Respiratory Muscles 800
  • Bronchial Hyperreactivity 804
  • Exercise Physiology 805
  • Limb Muscle Function 806
  • 34 Imaging of the Posttransplant Lung / Robert D. Suh, Tikvah Myers, Jonathan G. Goldin 823
  • Immediate (Within 24 Hours) 824
  • Early (24 Hours to 1 Week) 830
  • Intermediate (First 2 Months) 834
  • Primary Late (2-4 Months) 841
  • Secondary Late (>4 Months) 849
  • Any Stage 861
  • Future Directions in Imaging 865
  • Part X Long-Term Complications of Lung Transplantation (and Immune Therapy)
  • 35 Cardiac, Lipid, and Atherosclerotic Complications Among Lung and Heart-Lung Recipients / Jignesh K. Patel, Jon A. Kobashigawa, Michele Hamilton 881
  • Preoperative Cardiovascular Evaluation 882
  • Early Posttransplant Cardiovascular Complications 886
  • Lung Transplant vs. Heart-Lung Transplant 886
  • Hyperlipidemia 888
  • Hypertension 889
  • Drugs and Transplant Vasculopathy 890
  • 36 Metabolic Bone Disease in Lung Transplant Recipients / Janet R. Maurer 895
  • Risk Factors 895
  • Management 897
  • 37 Lymphoproliferative Disorders Complicating Solid Organ Transplantation / S. Samuel Weigt, Joseph P. Lynch III, Lucy R. Langer, Michael C. Fishbein 901
  • Classification of PTLD 902
  • Pathogenesis 905
  • Risk Factors for PTLD 906
  • Incidence of PTLD 910
  • Clinical Manifestations of PTLD in Lung Transplantation 911
  • Radiographic Imaging 914
  • Diagnosis 914
  • Risk Reduction or Prevention of PTLD 916
  • Treatment of PTLD 916

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